Do longer surgeries have a higher complication rate?

A common question around here from patients is whether they can combine surgeries - say, a tummy tuck with a breast operation.

To answer this, we have to look at things from 2 different angles:
1) legal - what do the Florida regulations permit, and
2) medical - what do the studies looking at surgical complications find.

First of all, the applicable Florida regulations for office-based surgery state that the "maximum combined duration of anesthesia shall not exceed 8 hours."
Longer procedures can be performed - in a hospital.

From the medical literature, the answer to the question relating complication rates and duration of surgery is, surprisingly, somewhat of a mixed picture, when it comes to plastic surgery operations for healthy people.

Data against long surgeries:

- increased overall complication rates with longer anesthesia / surgery times in multiple studies in the anesthesia, cardiac surgery, orthopedic surgery, and urology literature. In particular, the study from the British Journal of Urology found a fourfold increase in non-urologic complications with anesthesia durations > 6 hours.

- increased rate of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) and pulmonary embolism. For example, in one orthopedic study, these potentially life-threatening complications were 3.5 times more likely when the anesthesia duration exceeded 3.5 hours for hip or knee replacement surgery, which are infamous for high rates of DVT's.

- increased pulmonary complications with anesthesia times greater than 2.5 hours, in both normal patients, and especially in those with pre-existing chronic lung conditions.

- increased rate of surgical site (wound) infections with longer surgeries.


Data supporting combination surgeries

- no increased risk seen when facial surgery operations were combined, in a study performed at Yale University. Anesthesia / surgery duration was not associated with increased risk in this study when surgeries under 4 hours and over 4 hours were compared.

- no increase in the complication rate when aesthetic tummy and breast operations were combined in a study from a private clinic in California. However, in this study, all surgeries were less than 6 hours in length.

The bottom line: Combination surgeries can be performed safely, but that doesn't mean we should throw caution to the winds and have a marathon surgical make-over. Despite our best efforts at prevention & prophylaxis, DVT, pulmonary embolism and pulmonary complications of anesthesia are lingering issues related to longer surgeries with general anesthesia. And when these problems occur, they can be devastating.

I do not typically recommend combinations of surgery exceeding 6-7 hours of planned surgery time, even for healthy patients. I feel it is safer to divide up the surgery into two stages, if the length of surgery exceeds this number.

So, going back to the original question: I will combine a breast augmentation (approx. 1 hour procedure) with a major abdominoplasty (3-4 hours). But I will not generally combine a major breast reduction or complex mastopexy (3-4 hours) with a big tummy tuck, as I feel the lengthy anesthesia / surgery time is worrisome.

As always - safety first.